AKI

1.                      Review the structures and functions of thekidney.               •             Functionsof the nephron•             Functionsof the kidneys2.                      Understand the etiology and pathophysiology ofAcute Kidney Injury (AKI).        Common causes of AKI•             Prerenal•             Intrarenal•             Postrenal3.           Describethe clinical manifestations associated with AKI.Manifestations associated with:•             Prerenal•             Intrarenal•             PostrenalManifestations associated with the phases of acute tubularnecrosis (ATN):•             Initiationphase•             Maintenancephase•             Recoveryphase 4.           Understandthe diagnostic studies associated with AKI.•             Urinalysis•             Renalultrasound•             Renalscan•             Computedtomography (CT)•             Retrogradepyelogram•             Bloodwork (serum Cr, BUN, electrolytes)5.           Understandthe treatment modalities and interventions in AKI.              •             Treatmentof precipitating cause•             Fluidrestrictions•             Crystalloids•             Nutritiontherapy•             Treatmentsof hyperkalemia (including pharmacotherapy)•             Calciumsupplements or phosphate-binding agents•             Totalparenteral nutrition (if indicated)•             Enteralnutrition (if indicated)•             Renalreplacement therapy (RRT) (if indicated)6.           Understandpharmacological interventions in AKI.       •             Antihypertensives•             Diuretics•             Treatmentsof hyperkalemia •             Calciumsupplements or phosphate-binding agents7.           Apply thenursing process in patients with AKI.•             Nursingassessment (including nursing diagnoses)•             Planning/goals•             Nursingintervention•             Evaluation